全球最夯的明星營養素／免疫力、骨骼力都靠維生素D

近幾年，國際間討論最熱烈的營養素，正是維生素D、鈣和Omega-3。維生素D調免疫、鈣質顧骨骼、魚油抗氧化…。

事實上，這三種營養素也是台灣人必須加強補充的首選。維生素D被外國人視為健康萬靈丹，搶著進補這種營養素，台灣卻有用不完且免費的D。從今天起，一有機會就盡量補一補吧！


如果問，最近兩年最受西方科學界關注的超級營養素是什麼？答案非維生素D莫屬。


過去，維生素D最為人熟知的功能是協助調節體內鈣平衡及幫助鈣質吸收，使骨骼強健、避免骨質疏鬆，但愈來愈多研究發現，它的重要性不僅如此。


長期研究維生素D的波士頓大學醫學中心維生素D、皮膚和骨骼研究室主任何立克（Michael F.Holick）指出，每個細胞都有維生素D的接收器，這絕非偶然，因為幾乎身體所有功能運作都要仰賴它。過去幾年的研究觀察也有相同結論，維生素D缺乏似乎和癌症、心臟病、糖尿病、憂鬱症、免疫疾病息息相關。


心臟病


美國約翰霍普金斯大學研究認為，缺乏維生素D的人出現血管狹窄的比例較一般人高八成，原因可能和維生素D控管人類基因組中200多個基因、以及調控體內發炎機制有關。丹佛大學醫學院針對3400位美國人所做的研究也發現，老年人如果體內維生素D含量不足，死於心臟病的風險比攝取足夠維生素D的老年人多3倍。


糖尿病



維生素D影響胰島素的製造，研究顯示，缺乏維生素D的兒童罹患第一型糖尿病的機率較一般孩子高2倍。英國研究也認為，中、老年人若攝取充足的維生素D，罹患第二型糖尿病的風險可降低55％。


憂鬱症



維生素D一旦缺乏，易導致副甲狀腺分泌的荷爾蒙增加，過於活躍的副甲狀腺常與憂鬱症有關，2008年一篇文獻回顧研究就提到，六篇重要研究中，有四篇認為憂鬱症和體內維生素D濃度過低有顯著相關。


失智症



芬蘭學者追蹤3000人的血液樣本長達30年後，發表在2010年美國《神經醫學期刊（Archives of Neurology）》的研究發現，維生素D對人體免疫系統、神經系統的調節都有重大影響，血液中維生素D含量較低的人，罹患巴金森氏症的機率比一般人高3倍。


慢性疼痛



維生素D缺乏被視為慢性疼痛的危險因子。英國倫敦兒童健康研究所在英國《風濕症年報（Annals of Rheumatic seases）》發表研究指出，維生素D不足可能是婦女罹患慢性疼痛的主因。另有研究指出，維生素D對緩解更年期婦女頭痛症狀有正面作用。


癌症



維生素D和癌症的相關研究很多，目前以乳癌、大腸直腸癌和攝護腺癌的證據較確實，體內維生素D含量足夠的人，較少罹患這幾種癌症，或罹癌後存活率較高。


氣喘



維生素D和免疫系統的關聯也是熱門議題，加拿大研究歸納近60年醫學文獻認為，身體缺乏維生素D的人，肺功能較差，呼吸道容易對外來刺激反應過度，因此氣喘容易發作、甚至惡化。


少生病



維生素D還有抗病毒的效果，耶魯大學2010年研究發現，體內維生素D含量較高的人，生病機率較維生素D含量低的人少一半，就算他們感冒，也能在幾天內復元，主要因素是維生素D可動員體內的白血球細胞以對抗病毒，因此，多曬太陽確實能增強抵抗力。


98％國人血液中維生素D濃度不足歐美科學家幾乎將維生素D捧上天，譽為營養界的超級明星，但反觀國內，相關研究卻寥寥無幾。


因為90％的維生素D可透過皮膚照射太陽時接收UV-B紫外線自然產生，台灣地處亞熱帶，日照充足，民眾理應不會缺乏。果真是如此嗎？


國防醫學院公共衛生學系教授李美璇分析衛生署國民營養健康資料，發現高達98％的人，血液中維生素D濃度不足（標準是33μg/mL），尤以19∼44歲年齡層濃度最低。而就飲食中攝取維生素D的情況來看，13∼15歲女性吃下肚的維生素D，讓她十分憂心，「中學女生怕胖、吃太少，平常在教室裡曬不到太陽、外出又愛美白擦防曬劑，長期下來怎麼存骨本，成年後問題很多啊！」她搖頭心急地說。

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